Optimal scheduling of multi-energy type virtual energy storage system in reconfigurable distribution networks for congestion management

The virtual energy storage system (VESS) is one of the emerging novel concepts among current systems (ESSs) due to high effectiveness and reliability. In fact, VESS could store surplus inject during shortages, at power with larger capacities, compared conventional ESSs in smart grids. This study investigates optimal operation a multi-carrier VESS, including batteries, thermal (TES) systems, hydrogen (P2H) (H2P) technologies (HSS), electric vehicles (EVs) dynamic ESS. Further, demand response program (DRP) for electrical loads has been considered as tool similar behavior physical market, three participants have such electrical, markets. addition, price uncertainties were calculated by means scenarios stochastic programming, while optimization process operational constraints calculate costs different ESSs. However, congestion often occurred extreme load increments. Hence, this proposes bi-level formulation system, where independent operators (ISO) manage upper level, deal financial goals lower level. Moreover, four case studies observe each simulation was modeled IEEE 33-bus CPLEX GAMS.